Parental knowledge and caregiving practices related to early childhood development

Antonio Rizzoli-Córdoba, Servicio de Pediatría del Desarrollo y la Conducta, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
Alicia Lebrija-Hirschfield, Fundación Televisa, Ciudad de México, México
Laura A. Hernández-Trejo, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology Coordination, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Christian A. Delaflor-Wagner, Investigación Biomédica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Servicios y Seguridad Social para los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico
Miguel Á. Villasís-Keever, Unidad de Investigación en Análisis y Síntesis de la Evidencia, Hospital de Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Mexico City, Mexico

Background: Early childhood development (ECD) is a critical period for achieving milestones in cognitive, motor, and socioemotional development. Parental knowledge of ECD influences the manner in which children are stimulated, as evidenced in previous studies, particularly in developing countries. This study examined parents’ understanding of ECD, their stimulation and caregiving practices, and the sources of information that they utilize in the Mexican context. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional field study was conducted using a questionnaire validated by a panel of experts and a pilot test. A total of 536 mothers and fathers from socioeconomic levels C−, D+, and D/E residing in three Mexican cities were surveyed using non-probability convenience sampling. The questionnaire inquired about respondents’ knowledge, stimulation practices, and sources of information related to ECD. Results: In all, 60% of the surveyed parents did not consider the first 3 years of life as a relevant learning stage. Although 44.3% of mothers and 37.6% of fathers identified early learning (at 0-3 months), few socioemotional activities were considered relevant. Only 33% were familiar with the term “early stimulation,” and television was the most consulted medium (30%). Conclusions: It is necessary to raise awareness among parents about the importance of play, as well as socioemotional and communicative activities in ECD. The quality of information disseminated through mass media should be improved and public policies to strengthen parental education should be promoted.

Keywords: Early childhood development. Early stimulation. Early education. Parenthood.